The heat reclaim potential depends on the climate conditions, and so far CO2 refrigeration with heat reclaim has mostly been applied in colder climates. With new technologies, however, heat reclaim for utility water is becoming more widespread in warmer climates as well.
When it comes to transcritical systems with heat reclaim, we have only seen the tip of the iceberg. In future, supermarkets will not only cover their own heating demands by using the surplus heat of transcritical CO2, they will also be able to deliver heat to the district energy grid. The obvious advantages are fast payback times, typically under 2.5 years, and reduced emissions that make heat export from supermarkets very attractive for all akeholders.
There is no reason to wait – the required technologies are widely available today. This article will make the case for transcritical CO2 solutions with heat reclaim.
Heating and cooling are two sides of the same coin. For many years, however, the cooling and heating systems have been regarded as separate systems in the supermarket. The industry has not been blind to the opportunities of using excess heat from the refrigeration systems with traditional HFCs, but the gain has been limited and unable to match the investment. But with transcritical CO2, the potential of the opposites can finally be fully realized in integrated heating and cooling systems.
To be able to reclaim heat in the transcritical system, one or two heat exchangers are mounted before the gas cooler of the application. A 3-way valve directs the surplus heat from the compressors into a heat exchanger according to current demand for space heating and utility water for cleaning and sanitary purposes. The excess heat, if any, is discharged.In theory, 100 % heat reclaim from the refrigeration system provides sufficient heat to fulfil demands for space heating and hot tap water in many climates, eliminating the need for separate heating installations in the supermarket. However, reclaiming the last part of the energy is still not very efficient and therefore, the cost of relying 100 % on reclaimed heat has to be judged against alternative heat sources depending on the actual load conditions, climate and the cost of alternative heat sources.
The heating potential of transcritical CO2 systems is so large that some retailers are dimensioning the refrigeration system after the heating demand of the store. But it is important to stress that in refrigeration solutions with heat reclaim, food safety always comes first.
A superior control strategy of temperature and pressure in the system is needed to ensure robust refrigeration and to avoid condensation of liquid in the heat exchangers. Integrating all control functions enables accurate control of the transcritical pack with heat reclaim and optimum COP at all load conditions.
Part of the Energy Smart GridSupermarkets can easily fulfill their own heating demand, and they can do more than that. Supermarkets can play an important role in the smart energy grid, delivering heat to the local district energy network.
With only minor investments, the supermarket can be connected to the local district energy network and the supply of reclaimed heat can generate yet another revenue stream from the store. The first experiments with grid integration in Denmark have returned pay-back times of 1-2 years due to special subsidies; without subsidies, the payback time is still short, estimated 3-4 years.
In many markets, the lack of business models and current regulation still inhibit a more widespread interest in transferring the surplus heat from the supermarkets to the district energy network.
Technology and components for natural, low GWP refrigerants for supermarket applications are readily available today. But to harvest the full potential of the sustainable solutions, the general level of know-how needs to be raised through increased education and training.
With the thousands of installations worldwide, the skill base in CO2 refrigeration with heat reclaim is growing. This goes to secure that a high level of design and installation quality is maintained in order to make the most of the opportunities for safe and efficient Transcritical systems with heat reclaim.
Transcritical supermarket applications with heat reclaim are very suitable for improving the overall refrigeration system performance. It is a highly efficient and resilient solution that provides simultaneous heating and cooling by recycling waste heat energy within the store.
More than 2,000 installations across Europe and in other parts of the world have shown that the traditional CO2 weaknesses in refrigeration applications such as high temperatures and pressures can be turned into profitable advantages when adding heatreclaim to the systems. In fact, the operational costs can be reduced by more than 20 % by replacing conventional heating sources with heat reclaim, and the pay-back time of the heat reclaim installation is typically short, less than 2.5 years. At the same time, huge carbon savings can be made when the system is installed and maintained correctly. Figure 4: Savings and pay-back time month by month in British supermarket fitted with Transcritical CO2 + heat reclaim
More information about CO₂ solutionsDanfoss Food RetailDownload article as PDF